Basic steps in Group method
The group method involves certain basic steps chiefly for building a
comprehensive unit around an activity, which may be carried out either in the
school or outside. ’Learning by Living’ and Learning by doing’ and Learning by
cooperation
are the cardinal principles of this method. Children learn through
association, cooperation’ and activity.
The basic steps involved in group
method are.
v Providing a situation
v Choosing and proposing
the project
v Planning
v Execution
v Evaluation and
v Recording
There is no rigidity about these steps. Modification may be made
according to the nature of the project and the mental level of students. This
method brings life to the school atmosphere; learning becomes a cooperative affair.
Its use will always remain an essential tool in the hands of the teacher. The
teacher will be working as a guide and facilitator during planning, execution
and evaluation of the project. Projects can be used to arose interest, and
justify the study of topics. Encourage initiative and give the students joy at
the successful completion of the project.
Group method helps learner in several ways. The content or the task
assigned makes a world of difference to the learner particularly a slow
learner. In a small group he receives things at his own pace because his own
peer group is working on the material. The close-knit character of the small
group as a greater interaction. The members feel greater freedom to express
themselves.
Small Group Teaching Methods
In tutorials the students prepare a written exercise on the basis of
guided reading or a directed reading or supervised study. In the small groups
the student reads out his paper. This is followed by discussion in which his
group mates make comments, raise issues or problems, which is based on content/
topic presented. The presenter has to defend himself, which means that he has
to organize his ideas carefully.
Tutorial is a British model and usually adopted at the higher levels
of learning. M.V. Rajagopal committee on tutorials has made certain
recommendations on the use of tutorials.
1.
There are three elements in a
tutorial- reading, thinking and writing in addition to articulation.
2.
The role of teacher is that of
a midwife. He presides over the session and assists in the birth of original
ideas and articulation and intervenes to remove irrelevances in argument, to
fulfill the gaps in knowledge, inadequacies in thinking etc.
3.
Intellectual element and
informal atmosphere are important in a tutorial.
SEMINAR
The seminar is
perhaps a continental and American model. It is also of a higher intellectual
order. A tutorial is mostly student- centered whereas the seminar is
subject-centered. Seminar involves participation of students of more or less
comparable abilities. The teacher here plays a moderator or co- coordinator.
The Radhakrishnan commission on university education has opined that tutorial
is suitable for undergraduate students whereas seminars are more relevant to
the postgraduate students.
Objectives of seminar
- Cognitive Objective
Seminar creates the learning situations so that the following higher
cognitive objectives may be realized:
A)
To develop the higher cognitive
abilities, analysis, synthesis and evaluation as compared to the situations
involving human interaction.
B)
To develop the ability of
responding in this manner would involve higher cognitive actions .
C)
To develop the ability of keen
observation experiences, feeling and to present them effectively.
D)
To develop the ability to seek
clarification and defend the ideas of others effectively
2. Affective Objectives
The following
higher aspects of affective domain are developed by employing the
instructional technique:
A)
To develop the feeling of
tolerance the opposite ideas of others.
B)
To develop the feelings of
cooperation with other colleagues and respect of the ideas feelings of others.
C)
To develop the emotional
stability among the participants of the seminar.
TEAM TEACHING
Team teaching is
a new concept in education. Two or more teachers are given responsibility of
working together, for all, or a significant part of the instruction of the same
group of students. Research studies show that the bright students as well as
the slow learners derive maximum benefit from team teaching. Team members work together in all
the functions to make students understand the concept by their specified
skills.
Limitations of team teaching
v Costly method
v Requires more Accommodation
v Lack of co-operation
v Necessary Delegation of power and Responsibilities
v Disregard to the Dynamics of small Group
v Lack of Research work
v Variations in the Role of Teachers
v Diversification in the views of Teachers
v Conflict Between Change and Tradition
v Lack of Flexibility
One advantage of
team teaching is that the computer programmer can explain skills of computer
and the subject teacher can explain content using the computer skills. Thus,
the students will be stimulated by the subject teacher and computer
programmer-both the members of the team will put in their special effort.
CONFERENCE
The conference
is one of the most important techniques in the area of higher
teaching-learning. It is used to crease higher learning situations by using
appropriate instructional technique. Higher cognitive and effective objectives
of education are achieved by employing it. It is a meeting of large group,
organized to discuss current problems and its specifics to provide a workable
solution.
Objectives of difference
The objectives
of conference are determined by the organizations: Teacher Education
Association and All India Educational Technology Association. The purpose of
these organizations is different. Following are the general objectives of the
conference:
1. Cognitive Objectives
(a)
To develop analysis, synthesis
and evaluation or creative abilities of the participants.
(b)
To develop reasoning and
critical abilities.
(c)
To develop the abilities of
expressing his how feelings and observations.
(d)
To make sensitive towards the
problems of the area.
2. Affective Objective
(a)
To develop the tendency to study
a fact or concept in broader perspective.
(b)
To develop the tendency to of
emotional balance.
(c)
To respect and tolerance
anti-ideas and criticism by others.
(d)
To develop the feelings of
cooperation and freedom of thoughts.
SYMPOSIUM
The word
symposium has several dictionary meanings.Firstly,Plato has used this terms for”
good dialogue” to present the views towards God. Another meaning of the term is
the intellectual recreation or enjoyment. The recent meaning of persons to
discuss a problem or theme. The views on a theme are presented in a sequence.
The specific aspect of a theme is presented by an expert of the theme.
Objectives of Symposium
1.
To identify and understand
various aspects of theme and problems.
2.
To develop the ability to
decision and judgments regarding a problem.
3.
To develop the values and
feelings regarding a problem.
4.
To enable the listeners to from
policies regarding a theme or problem.
Advantages of Symposium
1.
It provides varied experiences
and knowledge of subject through the experts.
2.
The expert’s speech itself a
motivating factor that makes the symposium interesting. The motivation is
further enhanced if the topic is controversial.
3.
The attention and interest
of the participants sustained if the
speakers are changed periodically.
4.
It provokes diverse question
from the audiences.
PANEL DISCUSSION
Theoretical Basis of Panel
Discussion
1.
It observes the democratic
principles of human behaviour. Equal opportunities are provided to every
participant.
2.
It encourages the active
participation with originality and independently.
3.
It involves the social and
psychological principles of group work. Feeling cooperation and sympathy and to
respect the ideas of others
4.
It is based on modern theory of
organization.
Advantages of panel discussion
1.
It encourages social learning.
2.
The higher cognitive and
affective objectives are achieved.
3.
It is used to develops the
ability of problem solving and logical thinking.
4.
It develops the interest and
right type of attitude towards the problem.
5.
It develops the capacity to respect
others ideas and feelings and ability of tolerance.
6.
It provides the opportunities
of assimilation of theme and cpontent.
GROUP DISCUSSION
Discussion involves the exchange of ideas between
people on a gives topic or topics. Discussion is an effective teaching
technique which promotes the sharing of information / ideas and student involvement.
Discussion method is an oral method like question and answer method and maximum
interaction between a teacher and students can be seen here. Discussion can be formal
as well as informal. Formal discussion
are arranged for the purpose of achieving pre- determined objectives on the
other hand, in informal discussion, neither objective nor rules are pre-determined
, the students and teachers discuss the issue in the class whenever it becomes necessary.
Objectives
- To develop students cognitive powers, particularly his thinking and reasoning abilities will be developed.
- To develop abilities to express himself to express and speak one’s ideas boldly and freely is an important social skill.
- To encourage students self understanding, the fundamental aspect of teaching is that it must result is to students learning. his ideas them to better classification and understanding of concepts and ideas.
Advantages
1.
Thinking and communicating
powers can be developed.
2.
Leadership qualities can be
developed.
3.
The expression abilities of
students can be developed.
4.
Higher level cognitive and
affective objectives can be realized through classroom discussion.5. The attitude
and interests of students can be drawn towards learning process though this
method.
WORKSHOP
Seminar
emphasizing free discussion, exchange of ideas, demonstration of methods of practical
application of skills and principles. Also, meeting of several persons for intensive
discussion. A brief, but intensive group meeting aimed at the production of a
specific outcome through problem solving. A supervised session where student
work on individual takes and receive assistance and direction when needed.
Objectives of workshop
- Cognitive objectives
- To solve the problems of teaching profession.
- To provide the philosophical and sociological background for instructional and teaching situation.
- To identify the educational objectives in the present context.
- To develop an understanding regarding the use of theme and problem.
B. Psychomotor Objectives
1. To develop the proficiency for planning and organizing teaching
and instructional activities
2. To develop the skills to perform a task independently.
3. To determine and use of teaching strategies effectively.
4. To train the persons for using different approaches of teaching.
Advantages of workshop
technique
v To realize the higher cognitive and psychomotor objectives
v For developing understanding and proficiency
v To develop and improve professional efficiency
v To improve teaching proficiency
v To provide opportunities and situation to develop individual
capacities of a teacher
v For cooperation and group work or team work
v To study the vocational problems
v For new practices and innovations in education
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